In a groundbreaking study, researchers have compiled the most comprehensive database of crowd accidents, shedding light on the areas most prone to such incidents. The findings in the Safety Science journal aim to improve safety measures at mass gatherings worldwide. With data from 1900 to 2019, the directory encompasses 281 major global incidents resulting in at least one death or ten injuries.
One striking revelation from the research is the emergence of India and West Africa as hotspots for crowd accidents. Religious festivals have surpassed sporting events in the past three decades as the most dangerous situations, leading to hazardous crushes. South-East Asia and the Middle East have also experienced many deadly incidents recently.
Swiss Cheese model crowd safety
The study indicates a dramatic rise in serious crowd accidents globally over the past two decades. The annual average has surged from around three incidents between 1990 and 1999 to nearly 12 between 2010 and 2019. However, it is essential to acknowledge that the increased reporting through the Internet and social media may contribute to these figures.
The research team, led by Project Associate Professor Claudio Feliciani from the University of Tokyo and Dr Milad Haghani from UNSW Sydney, emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive database to implement new safety measures. With over 8,000 deaths and 15,000 injuries caused by crowd accidents in the past 20 years alone, urgent action is necessary.
Notably, the study reveals a correlation between accident rates and the income level of the countries where they occur. Low- and middle-income countries are overrepresented in the records, indicating the need for increased financial resources and technological advancements. The rapid population growth and struggling infrastructure in developing regions like India and West Africa contribute to their vulnerability as hotspots for crowd accidents.
While sporting events have seen a decline in accidents due to improved safety regulations, the same level of protection is harder to implement at religious gatherings. The absence of ticketing systems and limitations on attendance pose challenges. Furthermore, religious events often cover larger areas, making crowd management difficult. In India, nearly 70% of accidents between 2000 and 2019 were related to religious festivals, with bathing rituals near water bodies being a significant factor.
The database showcases the success of improved safety protocols in sports events, as incidents in the 1970s were predominantly associated with sporting venues. The ‘Green Guide’ publication in 1973, recognized globally as a best practice for safety management, planning, and design of sports grounds, played a vital role in reducing accidents. The researchers hope similar lessons can be applied worldwide, acknowledging many countries’ financial constraints.
Despite Australia’s relatively low number of crowd accidents, caution is necessary. The researchers warn event organizers and attendees not to become complacent, as near-misses are frequently observed without garnering public attention. A single incident, such as the tragic crush during Limp Bizkit’s performance at the 2001 Big Day Out event in Sydney, serves as a reminder of the potential dangers.
To address these concerns, the Crowd Safety Summit Australia is set to take place at UNSW next week. Leading experts, practitioners, and stakeholders worldwide will gather to exchange ideas and develop strategies for better public safety. Dr Milad Haghani and A/Prof Claudio Feliciani will present their research at the summit to create a roadmap for improved crowd safety measures.
Dr Haghani proposes adopting a crowd safety target similar to the Vision Zero initiative for traffic safety. He advocates for implementing the “Swiss Cheese” model, which emphasizes multiple layers of safety protection, including regulations, planning, risk assessment, operational control, community preparedness, and incident response. This model’s essential components are real-time data, improved communication, and enhanced public education.
By prioritizing crowd safety and raising awareness, it is possible to prevent life-threatening outcomes even when other layers of protection may fail. The research is a critical resource for experts and authorities, empowering them to implement adequate safeguards and reduce the risks associated with crowd accidents.
Written by: Anne Keam
