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Alan Gore wants to know why Amtrak is almost always late for him. Not just a little bit late, but ridiculously, absurdly, preposterously late.

Like when he tried to catch an Amtrak train from Phoenix to Los Angeles, he and his girlfriend arrived before their scheduled 7 p.m. departure.

And they waited. And we waited. And we waited.

The train finally pulled into the station at 5 a.m. — the next day. They connected with the Amtrak Surfliner and arrived in San Luis Obispo, Calif., their final destination, a full day later than planned.

“One of the conductors told me that being twelve hours late is perfectly normal,” says Gore, a photographer who lives in Sedona, Ariz. “I didn’t even bother asking for compensation.”

Anyone who travels by train in the United States knows that feeling. In the latest quarter, Amtrak trains were delayed by 1.42 million minutes, up 9% from the previous quarter and an increase of 10% from 2022. It’s awful on Gore’s route, the Sunset Limited. Over the last year, passengers have been delayed by 11 weeks, and only 28% of trains are on time, according to Amtrak.

“That record is even worse than those numbers indicate because each of those long-distance trains is given a 30-minute grace period before it is officially designated as late,” explains Jim Loomis, author of All Aboard: The Complete North American Train Travel Guide.

Why is Amtrak often so late?

It isn’t straightforward. Amtrak does not have dedicated tracks outside the Northeast and parts of Michigan and Indiana and uses the same rails as freight trains. But essential consumer protection rules are missing, too. And the sad fact that most Americans don’t care about trains isn’t making it any easier to fix the problem.

Joel Sutherland, a professor of supply chain management at the University of San Diego and a former CSX Railroad official, says America’s rail network is set up to favour freight trains.

“Amtrak must share the rail lines with freight trains, and freight trains tend to get priority,” he says. “This is especially true west of the Mississippi where the rail infrastructure is lacking compared to the East Coast.”

According to Amtrak, waiting for freight trains is the most significant cause of passenger train delays. America’s rail network is set to favour freight trains, even though, by law, passenger trains should get priority. As a practical matter, the law is difficult to enforce. A proposed bill would allow Amtrak to begin directly enforcing the rules, but the law is stalled in Congress.

Amtrak has also called for an investigation, which is now in progress, into how Union Pacific Railroad favours freight over people on the Sunset Limited. Union Pacific did not respond to questions about delays on the route.

But the problem is more significant. American train passengers lack basic consumer protections that might motivate rail carriers like Amtrak to fix the problem faster.

Does Amtrak compensate you for delays?

Believe it or not, Amtrak doesn’t have to compensate delayed passengers.

No federal law requires even a partial refund if your train is late. (In Europe, you get a 25% refund of the ticket price if the delay is between 1 and 2 hours and a 50% refund if the delay is 2 hours or more under EU regulations). Amtrak’s customer service commitment does not promise compensation for delays, either.

As a practical matter, Amtrak sometimes offers compensation in the form of credits for future travel to passengers who experience a long delay.

“We always encourage customers to let us know about their trips, what went well and what did not,” says Amtrak spokesman Marc Magliari. “For the most part, we work with them individually on whether credit for future travel or a refund is appropriate.”

Amtrak has been experimenting with automatically awarding Amtrak Guest Rewards points to customers on Acela trains based on the length of their delay. Amtrak would not give any specifics since it’s still a pilot program. But Magliari says passengers are welcome to contact Amtrak and complete a trip report, which could lead to policy changes or additional compensation.

Still, the fact that U.S. rail carriers don’t have to compensate their passengers for delays may give them less incentive to fix the delays.

What will it take to fix the delayed trains?

Rail experts say nothing less than a massive investment in passenger rail infrastructure — new trains, high-speed tracks, generous government support — can fix this mess.

But a little more involvement from passengers might help, too.

What does it take to make you care about trains? A lot.

The last Amtrak story to gain widespread national attention was the “train ride from hell” in January. That’s when an Amtrak Auto Train from Washington, D.C., to Orlando, was delayed by almost 20 hours because of a freight derailment. Some passengers reportedly called 911 and claimed they were being held hostage on the train. The experience prompted an outcry from Congress, which demanded answers from Amtrak.

But maybe we’re looking in the wrong place for the solution. Consider the other big rail story of the year, the opening of Brightline, a private rail service from Miami to Orlando. The high-speed train can travel between the two Florida cities in under three hours. Brightline plans a high-speed train between Los Angeles and Las Vegas in 2027 on new tracks without freight trains.

Brightline might be enough to make Americans fall in love with trains again. And here’s what I mean by love: I recently spent two months in Japan, which has one of the best rail networks in the world. Its shiny bullet train, called the Shinkansen, is faster and more efficient than flying and often less expensive. Veteran tour guide Joe Okada, who at 94 is the oldest tour guide in Japan, says in the 1950s, Japan dreamed of a transportation system that was better, faster, cheaper, and safer.

“Shinkansen made our dreams come true,” he says.

But there is also a sense of national pride in these superfast trains, whisk you from Tokyo to Kyoto in about two hours, or five hours less than it takes you to drive.

“Have you been on the Shinkansen yet?” people asked me. And when I said yes, they gave me a knowing smile because the Shinkansen is pretty spectacular.

No one says that about Amtrak, except maybe ironically. Amtrak is trying to reverse the trend with new overnight trains, station upgrades and improved meals. But it’s not enough. We could fix Amtrak by enforcing the law that gives it the right-of-way, strengthening consumer regulations, and thinking more prominent regarding trains.

“It’s past time to have a national conversation about rethinking, funding, and fixing America’s rail infrastructure,” says Bill McGee, a senior fellow for aviation and travel at the American Economic Liberties Project. “The delays will only worsen the longer we wait.”

Elliott’s tips for avoiding a train delay.

Sign up for delay alerts.

You can do that on the Amtrak site. The sooner you know about a delay, the sooner you can make alternate plans, like driving or flying.

For long distances, take Amtrak only on reliable routes.

Amtrak’s City of New Orleans, between Chicago and New Orleans, is the most punctual (if you can use that term) long-distance train in the most recent quarter, with a 79% on-time rating. It’s followed by the Capitol Limited between Washington and Chicago (74%) and the Lake Shore Limited between Boston/New York City and Chicago (68%). Avoid chronic laggards, like the Sunset Limited between Los Angeles and New Orleans, which is on time only 19% of the time.

Avoid the train entirely.

While a train might be faster for some routes (notably where Amtrak owns the tracks in the Northeast), you can often get there faster by driving or taking a bus. For longer distances, flying is almost always more cost-effective and convenient if there’s an airport at or near your destination.